Study finds how long someone spends online matters, (but also what happens to them there)

Online harassment may be an important warning sign for emotional distress and suicide risk

Boston University School of Medicine

(Boston)—In the digital age, adolescents and young adults increasingly form social connections

through online spaces, including social media, gaming and messaging platforms, which serve as venues for identity exploration, peer connection and emotional validation. However, these spaces also create new vulnerabilities, including upward social comparison, exclusion and online harassment that can undermine mental health, including depression and suicidality.

While most research has been focused on adolescents, a new study has found that college students who spend more time online (including social media use, gaming, etc.) and those who experience online harassment, are more likely to report suicidal thoughts. It also showed that these patterns were not the same across gender groups. In particular, cisgender men showed the strongest link between time spent online and suicidal thoughts, while online harassment was linked to higher risk across all gender groups. This is one of the few studies to look at both time online and harmful online experiences together, while paying close attention to gender differences.

 

“As with much of the literature on digital use and mental health, most research has focused on adolescents, leaving college-aged young adults underrepresented. In addition, few large-scale studies have examined how time online and experiences relate to mental health across gender identities, underscoring the need for gender-stratified research in diverse, multisite college samples—our study addresses these gaps,” explains corresponding author Seungbin Oh, PhD, LPC, NCC, assistant professor of psychiatry at Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine.

 

The researchers analyzed data from a large national survey called the Healthy Minds Study, which asks college students about their mental health and daily experiences. They looked at answers from more than 46,000 students who were asked how much time they spent in online spaces outside of school or work. They then examined whether students who spent more time online, or who reported being harassed online, were more likely to say they had seriously thought about suicide in the past year. The researchers also looked at whether these patterns differed for cisgender men, cisgender women, and transgender and gender nonconforming students, while taking into account other important factors such as depression, sleep and financial stress.

 

“One especially important finding was that the link between time spent online and suicidal thoughts was strongest among cisgender men, which differs from much of the earlier research that has focused more heavily on girls and young women as being especially vulnerable to digital harms. We may be overlooking an important mental health risk pattern among young men and that their digital experiences deserve much more public and clinical attention,” adds Oh.

 

According to the researchers, providers who work with college students and young adults should ask not only about depression and anxiety, but also about online life, including social media use, gaming habits, online harassment and digital stress. “These questions may help identify students who are struggling but who may not bring up these experiences on their own. The findings also highlight the need to pay greater attention to young men’s mental health, especially because they are often less likely to seek help and may show distress in ways that are easier to miss,” says Oh.

 

These findings appear online in the American Journal of Public Health.

 

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Journal

American Journal of Public Health

Method of Research

Data/statistical analysis

Subject of Research

People

Article Title

Suicidal ideation, screen time, and online harassment in college students: Gender differences in a national survey

Article Publication Date

15-Jul-2026

 

Among Black people in the U.S., country of birth associated with stroke risk

People born in other countries had lower stroke risk

American Academy of Neurology

MINNEAPOLIS — For Black individuals in the United States, being born in another country was associated with a lower risk of stroke, according to a study published July 15, 2026, in Neurology®, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology.

“In the United States, people who identify as Black have a higher rate of stroke compared to other groups, and are often treated as single category of people, which can hide variations related to birthplace and immigration status,” said study author Alejandro Vargas, MD, MS, of Rush University Medical Center in Chicago and a Fellow of the American Academy of Neurology. “Our study looked at stroke survivors, their place of birth and when they immigrated and found lower risks of stroke for people born outside of the U.S.”

The study included 64,717 adults who identified as Black in a national survey. Of participants, 88% were born in the U.S., 8% were born in the Caribbean, South and Central America, and 4% were born in Africa.

Researchers determined which participants had a stroke by reviewing responses on the survey to the question “Have you ever been told by a doctor or health professional that you have had a stroke?”

A total of 2,549 people reported having a stroke. The prevalence of stroke was 4.3% for those born in the U.S., 1.5% for those born in the Caribbean, South and Central America and 0.8% for those born in Africa.

Compared to stroke survivors born in other countries, those born in the U.S. were younger, less likely to have a college education and had higher rates of smoking and obesity.

After adjusting for factors such as age, smoking status and income, researchers found that people born in the Caribbean, South and Central America had 53% lower odds of stroke than those born in the U.S. and people born in Africa had 57% lower odds of stroke. People who had immigrated within 15 years of the survey had 73% lower odds of stroke.

“Among Black individuals with stroke, those born in the Caribbean, South and Central America and Africa were less likely to have had a stroke compared to those born in the United States, regardless of region of birth, time spent in the U.S. or time since migration,” said Vargas. “Our study suggests a healthy immigrant effect in which recent immigrants are healthier than the general population. This may be due to differences in stroke risk factors such as high blood pressure or stress. Grouping all racial and ethnic populations together can hide important health trends and hinder efforts to create targeted interventions.”

A limitation of the study was that the number of people born in other countries was small compared to the number born in the United States.

Discover more about stroke at Brain & Life®, from the American Academy of Neurology. This resource also offers a website, podcast, and books that connect patients, caregivers and anyone interested in brain health with the most trusted information, straight from the world’s leading experts in brain health. Follow Brain & Life on Facebook, X, and Instagram.

The American Academy of Neurology is the leading voice in brain health. As the world’s largest association of neurologists and neuroscience professionals with more than 44,000 members, the AAN provides access to the latest news, science and research affecting neurology for patients, caregivers, physicians and professionals alike. The AAN’s mission is to enhance member career fulfillment and promote brain health for all. A neurologist is a doctor who specializes in the diagnosis, care and treatment of brain, spinal cord and nervous system diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke, concussion, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, headache and migraine.

 

Researchers push for polycystic ovary syndrome to get a new name

Global consensus effort to redefine condition to better reflect its hormonal impact

Texas A&M AgriLife Communications

A condition affecting approximately 170 million adolescents and women worldwide has a new name – one that better reflects its complexity and far-reaching health impacts.

Polycystic ovary syndrome, PCOS, has long been understood as a reproductive disorder. But a recent paper published in The Lancet proposes renaming it polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome, PMOS, to more accurately capture what researchers now know about the condition: it is not just about the ovaries, but about the entire body.

“For decades, we have been referring to a syndrome that doesn’t fully represent the complexity of the condition,” said Heidi Vanden Brink, Ph.D., a reproductive physiologist and assistant professor in the Texas A&M Department of Nutrition and Texas A&M AgriLife Institute for Advancing Health Through Agriculture. “PMOS is about more than ovaries. Living with PMOS imparts significant reproductive, metabolic and psychological health implications.”

PMOS: More than a reproductive disorder

PMOS affects roughly one in eight women, making it one of the most common endocrine conditions globally. Up to 15% of Texas women – one in seven – have been diagnosed with the condition, which Vanden Brink said can often be misdiagnosed or go undiagnosed.

PMOS can cause male-pattern hair growth, severe acne, irregular menstruation and infertility.

A diagnosis is usually made based on the presence of at least two of three features, after exclusion of other conditions that could cause these symptoms. The three diagnostic features are irregular menstrual cycles, elevated testosterone levels or clinical signs of elevated testosterone, and either polycystic ovaries or elevated Anti-Mullerian Hormone, which is a hormone produced by structures called follicles in the ovaries.

The condition’s name has long been a source of confusion and frustration, Vanden Brink said. The term “polycystic ovaries,” represents only one of the three diagnostic features, which means you do not have to have polycystic ovaries to have PCOS or PMOS. And even the term “polycystic ovaries” has created confusion.

Polycystic ovaries in the context of PMOS means elevated numbers of small follicles, which are fluid filled sacs, in the ovaries – very different from the very large cysts many people imagine.

A whole-body health concern

Beyond reproductive symptoms, the condition is strongly linked to metabolic health, including higher risks of insulin resistance, Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and liver conditions. It can also affect mental health, contributing to anxiety, depression and reduced quality of life.

“These are not health concerns reflected in the current name,” Vanden Brink said. “When you hear ‘polycystic ovary syndrome,’ you think of the ovaries. But we’re also talking about metabolic health, psychological well-being and long-term disease risk.”

Melanie Cree, MD, Ph.D., professor of pediatrics-endocrinology and director of the multi-disciplinary PCOS clinic at the University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz, is an author on The Lancet paper for the name change and a collaborator of Vanden Brink’s, who said recognizing the risks of PMOS beyond the ovaries and fertility are especially important when communicating preventative measures with teens and their parents.

“Adolescents have an increased risk for abnormal metabolic labs due to the effects of puberty in addition to PMOS,” Cree said. “Also, we don’t use ovary criteria for the diagnosis in teens. Thus, telling a girl and her family that she has PCOS, but we are not going to ultrasound the ovaries and instead are looking for metabolic conditions was very confusing. The new name better aligns with more of what patients may struggle with and also helps the understanding of why we often recommend therapies to treat metabolic conditions.”

Why a new name matters

The proposed name change to PMOS intends to address the gap in understanding among the public, but also health care providers and communication with patients, Vanden Brink said. By emphasizing endocrine and metabolic factors, researchers hope to improve awareness among both patients and providers and encourage more comprehensive care.

“The new name signals that PMOS is a condition that requires a multidisciplinary approach,” she said, noting that care often involves not only gynecologists, but also endocrinologists, dietitians and mental health professionals.

Improved understanding could also help address the major challenge: underdiagnosis. Many individuals go undiagnosed because symptoms can be misunderstood or dismissed, particularly in younger women.

Greater clarity around the condition could lead to earlier identification, more coordinated care and better long-term outcomes.

The new name also shifts focus away from fertility alone, which could reduce stigma, attract broader research funding, and accelerate progress in diagnosing, treating and ultimately preventing the condition, Vanden Brink added.

“For women, this is about more than a name,” Vanden Brink said. “It’s about recognizing the full scope of the condition so we can improve prevention, diagnosis and care.”

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Journal

The Lancet

DOI

10.1016/S0140-6736(26)00717-8 

Method of Research

Experimental study

Subject of Research

Cells

Article Title

Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome, the new name for polycystic ovary syndrome: a multistep global consensus process

 

Machine learning offers a safer way to assess chemical threats to endangered fish

New modeling framework predicts pollutant toxicity across life stages without requiring extensive testing on rare species

Shenyang Agricultural University Collaborative Journals

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Toxicity prediction and ecological risk assessment of new contaminants to rare and endangered species using machine learning-QSAR: a case study of conserving Gobiocypris rarus in the Yangtze River Basin

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Credit: Ying Wang, Xin Wang, Yunchi Zhou, Yinghao Cheng, Xiaomin Li, Xiaolei Wang, Yuefei Ruan, Zhaomin Dong & Wenhong Fan

Rare and endangered animals are often among the species most vulnerable to chemical pollution, yet scientists face a difficult problem when trying to assess those risks. Conventional toxicity experiments may require large numbers of organisms, making them impractical and ethically inappropriate for species with limited populations.

A new study published in New Contaminants demonstrates how machine learning can help predict the effects of pollutants on endangered species while reducing the need for direct biological testing. The researchers developed a machine learning enhanced quantitative structure activity relationship model, known as ML-QSAR, using the rare gudgeon (Gobiocypris rarus) as a case study.

The rare gudgeon is a small freshwater fish native to China’s Yangtze River Basin. Because of its restricted distribution and sensitivity to environmental changes, it has been designated a rare and endangered species.

“Our goal was to develop a practical method for estimating chemical toxicity in species for which experimental data are limited and conventional testing is difficult,” said corresponding author Ying Wang. “By combining molecular information with the life stage of the fish, the model can provide evidence to support conservation and pollution management.”

The researchers compiled available acute and chronic toxicity data for the rare gudgeon and calculated more than 1,800 molecular descriptors representing chemical properties such as structure, electronic behavior, polarity and potential interactions with biological targets. They also included the developmental stage of the fish, distinguishing among embryos, juveniles and adults.

Six machine learning algorithms were evaluated, including random forest, support vector machine, neural network and generalized linear models. The random forest model produced the strongest overall performance, achieving a coefficient of determination of 0.99 for acute toxicity and 0.93 for chronic toxicity.

The analysis also revealed an important difference between short-term and long-term chemical effects.

Life stage was one of the most influential factors in predicting acute toxicity. Embryonic and juvenile fish were generally more sensitive to many pollutants because their metabolic and detoxification systems are still developing. However, the researchers found that this pattern could vary among chemical groups. Adult fish, for example, may retain some PFAS compounds for longer periods because these substances bind strongly to proteins.

For chronic toxicity, molecular interaction descriptors were more important than life stage. These descriptors reflected properties such as ionization potential, polarizability and the spatial arrangement of atoms, all of which can influence how chemicals move through water, accumulate in organisms and interact with biological molecules.

The researchers applied the best-performing models to 73 pollutants reported in the rare gudgeon’s habitat, including per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, commonly called PFAS. Environmental concentration data were available for 12 PFAS compounds.

The calculated risk quotients for those PFAS compounds were well below 1, suggesting that currently reported concentrations pose a low immediate ecological risk to the rare gudgeon. Nevertheless, the authors emphasized that this result should not be interpreted as evidence that PFAS pollution is harmless.

PFAS compounds are highly persistent and can accumulate through food webs. Their concentrations may also change with industrial activity, seasonal conditions and the growing use of replacement chemicals. The researchers therefore recommend long-term monitoring of PFAS distribution and bioaccumulation in the fish’s habitat.

The study provides a non-testing framework that could be adapted for other threatened aquatic species. Future research will need to expand available toxicity datasets, examine chemical mixtures and improve predictions for metals and newly emerging contaminants.

By linking chemical structure, developmental biology and machine learning, the approach could help conservation managers identify potential pollutant threats before endangered populations experience irreversible harm.

 

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Journal reference: Wang Y, Wang X, Zhou Y, Cheng Y, Li X, et al. 2026. Toxicity prediction and ecological risk assessment of new contaminants to rare and endangered species using machine learning-QSAR: a case study of conserving Gobiocypris rarus in the Yangtze River Basin. New Contaminants 2: e015 doi: 10.48130/newcontam-0026-0010  

https://www.maxapress.com/article/doi/10.48130/newcontam-0026-0010  

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About the Journal:

New Contaminants (e-ISSN 3069-7603) is an open-access journal focusing on research related to emerging pollutants and their remediation.

Follow us on Facebook, X, and Bluesky.  

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Journal

New Contaminants

DOI

10.48130/newcontam-0026-0010 

Method of Research

Experimental study

Article Title

Toxicity prediction and ecological risk assessment of new contaminants to rare and endangered species using machine learning-QSAR: a case study of conserving Gobiocypris rarus in the Yangtze River Basin

 

Reheating power cycles could unlock more electricity from LNG’s wasted cold energy

Optimized two-stage system raises power output to 9.2 megawatts, offering a more effective route for recovering energy during liquefied natural gas regasification

Shenyang Agricultural University Collaborative Journals

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Enhancements and optimization of LNG cold energy recovery via advanced binary working fluid power cycle systems

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Credit: Shing-hon Wong, Gongkui Xiao & Dongke Zhang

Liquefied natural gas arrives at import terminals at extremely low temperatures, carrying a large reserve of cold energy that is usually released into seawater or the surrounding air during regasification. A new study shows that carefully designed power cycles could convert more of this overlooked resource into useful electricity.

Researchers systematically evaluated working fluids and advanced cycle configurations for recovering cold energy from liquefied natural gas, or LNG. Their results identify a two-stage Rankine cycle with reheating as the most effective design, producing a net power output of 9.2 megawatts at an LNG processing capacity of 216 tonnes per hour.

“LNG regasification terminals handle an enormous temperature difference, but much of that thermodynamic potential is currently lost,” said corresponding author Shing-hon Wong. “Our study shows that selecting the right working fluids is important, but choosing the right cycle architecture can deliver an even greater improvement in power generation.”

LNG is stored and transported at temperatures near minus 162 degrees Celsius. Although liquefaction requires substantial energy, approximately 830 kilojoules of cold energy can remain stored in each kilogram of LNG. When LNG is warmed and converted back into gas, this energy is commonly discharged with little or no recovery.

To identify better recovery strategies, the researchers developed and optimized two-stage power systems operating between cryogenic LNG temperatures and ambient conditions. The analysis screened 30 combinations of single working fluids and 49 combinations involving binary mixtures. It also compared four advanced configurations incorporating reheating, regeneration and Kalina cycle integration.

The systems were modeled using Aspen HYSYS, while a genetic algorithm implemented in Python searched a broad range of pressures, temperatures and fluid compositions to maximize net power production.

Among single-fluid combinations, hexafluoroethane, known as R116, performed best in the upper cycle, while ethane, or R170, was the strongest partner in the lower cycle. Together, they generated 7.5 megawatts of net power with a thermal efficiency of 24.1 percent.

Binary mixtures provided slightly higher output and more consistent performance across different fluid pairings. The best conventional two-stage system combined R116 in the upper cycle with an optimized R1150 and R23 mixture in the lower cycle, generating 7.7 megawatts, about 2.6 percent more than the best single-fluid system.

The largest improvement, however, came from reheating. In the optimal design, R116 operated in the upper cycle and an R1150 and R170 mixture operated in the lower cycle. The working fluid underwent expansion in two turbine stages, with additional heating between them. This arrangement enabled higher operating pressure, increased the average temperature of heat addition and preserved sufficient heat for the lower cycle.

The resulting 9.2-megawatt output represented improvements of approximately 22 percent over the best single-fluid case and 19 percent over the best mixed-fluid baseline.

By contrast, regeneration and Kalina cycle integration offered little or no improvement. In the two-stage system, regeneration reduced the heat transferred from the upper cycle to the lower cycle, offsetting the benefit of internal heat recovery.

“The findings highlight the importance of optimizing the complete system rather than improving one component in isolation,” Wong said. “For practical LNG terminals, reheating appears to offer the clearest pathway toward higher cold energy recovery and additional low-carbon electricity generation.” 

 

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Journal reference: Wong SH, Xiao G, Zhang D. 2026. Enhancements and optimization of LNG cold energy recovery via advanced binary working fluid power cycle systems. Energy & Environment Nexus 2: e014 doi: 10.48130/een-0026-0007  

https://www.maxapress.com/article/doi/10.48130/een-0026-0007  

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About Energy & Environment Nexus:
Energy & Environment Nexus (e-ISSN 3070-0582) is an open-access journal publishing high-quality research on the interplay between energy systems and environmental sustainability, including renewable energy, carbon mitigation, and green technologies.

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Journal

Energy & Environment Nexus

DOI

10.48130/een-0026-0007 

Method of Research

Experimental study

Article Title

Enhancements and optimization of LNG cold energy recovery via advanced binary working fluid power cycle systems

 

UCSF Health, Kleiner Perkins, and Doerr Capital launch a new model for building healthcare AI

Co-development model brings companies into one of the nation’s leading academic health systems to build scalable tools for real-world care delivery

University of California - San Francisco

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San Francisco, CA (July 15, 2026) – Today, UCSF Health, Kleiner Perkins and Doerr Capital announced UCSF Health Converge, a new health AI accelerator that brings select companies together with clinicians, operators and technology leaders inside a nationally-ranked academic health systems to build, validate, and scale AI solutions in real care delivery settings.

UCSF Health recognizes that the health systems of the future must have better tools for care teams, better support for patients, and a clear path for responsibly using AI to improve care. Delivering on that promise requires solving one of healthcare’s most difficult technical challenges: how to build enterprise-grade, patient-centered, clinically effective AI solutions in one of the most complex and highly regulated environments in the country.

Centering on an “inside-out” approach, UCSF Health Converge will select a small number of companies annually to co-develop tools with UCSF Health experts within the workflows, technology systems, and operational realities that determine whether an innovation can successfully address enterprise-level health system challenges and improve the experience of patients and care teams at scale.

The accelerator will focus on solutions that align with UCSF Health’s standards for clinical excellence, safety, trustworthiness, equity, and patient-centered care. Success will be measured by impact within the health system — whether solutions can improve care for patients, fit into existing workflows, be adopted by care teams, and scale responsibly across specialties and care settings.

“Healthcare does not need more AI tools looking for a use case,” said Suresh Gunasekaran, President & CEO, UCSF Health. “It needs solutions built around the real needs of patients, care teams, and the systems responsible for delivering care. At UCSF Health, we hold ourselves to the highest standards for our patients, and we expect the same from the tools we bring into our system. UCSF Health Converge is one way to make sure that happens.”

The program is led by UCSF Health in collaboration with Kleiner Perkins and Doerr Capital, who will provide investment support and hands-on mentorship to selected companies. Their experience building and scaling healthcare technology companies, along with their founder networks and market perspective complements UCSF Health’s expertise in clinical care, health system operations, and large-scale care delivery.

"Healthcare is one of the most important arenas where AI can improve lives," said John Doerr, Chair at Kleiner Perkins and Founder at Doerr Capital. "UCSF Health Converge can elevate patient care by responding to the real needs of clinical teams and environments. Its purpose-built approach gives us a window into the many ways AI can serve humanity."

Built Differently Where Care Happens

Many healthcare AI solutions are developed outside the clinical environments they are meant to serve. Companies can spend critical time and resources building products that are difficult to integrate, hard to adopt, or misaligned with clinical or operational workflows. Health systems are then left evaluating tools that may be promising but are not yet ready for enterprise deployment.

“Healthcare founders do not need more distance from the real world. They need closer proximity to the clinicians, operators, patients and systems that will ultimately determine whether their products matter,” said Mamoon Hamid, Partner at Kleiner Perkins. “UCSF Health Converge gives companies that environment from the start: direct, structured engagement with one of the world’s leading health systems, and a clear mandate to build AI that can move from promise to practice at scale.”

Even when a tool appears viable, the full health system evaluation process — including clinical, technical, financial and compliance reviews, IT integration and staff workflow planning — can take a year or more. Once a tool enters the clinical environment, it is often limited to a handful of settings and rarely scaled across the enterprise. These barriers are not new, and in the AI age, when the stakes for safety, trust and impact are even higher, healthcare organizations are likely to move even more cautiously.

UCSF Health Converge is designed to address that fit-for-purpose challenge by helping companies build with implementation in mind from the start. Each project will be anchored in a real care delivery need and sponsored by a UCSF Health operational leader. Companies will co-develop solutions with interdisciplinary teams across clinical care, operations, analytics and IT, with dedicated support for technology integration, project management, governance and evaluation.

“With this model, UCSF Health won’t have the antibody response that so many health systems have to AI solutions, because there will be UCSF Health DNA in every product that comes through UCSF Health Converge,” added Gunasekaran. “For founders, building this way creates a level of credibility that is difficult to achieve from the outside. If a solution can be shaped by our clinicians, operators, technology teams and standards, and demonstrate value in our environment, it is better positioned to meet the needs of health systems more broadly.”

Areas of Focus

UCSF Health Converge will initially focus on two high-potential areas where AI can improve care delivery and patient experience: supporting patients beyond the hospital or clinic visit; and improving care delivery inside hospitals and clinics. The first area includes using AI to identify patient needs earlier, improve communication, and make it easier for patients to navigate care. The second includes helping clinical and operational teams cut through information overload to make better decisions, with applications in clinical decision support, documentation, billing, care planning, and other operational processes that shape the care experience.

Leadership: Elizabeth Engel, Vice President at UCSF Health, will serve as the Executive Director of UCSF Health Converge. Engel brings deep experience across health care technology, policy, strategy and partnerships, including prior leadership roles in digital health companies, large technology platforms, and across the University of California system.

Applications Now Open: Applications for UCSF Health Converge’s inaugural cohort are now open. The program is open to companies at various stages, from early-stage startups to established organizations seeking to co-develop and scale solutions within UCSF Health. For more information or to apply, visit www.ucsfhealth.org/converge.

 

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About UCSF Health: 

UCSF Health is a not-for-profit academic health system serving the Bay Area and beyond, with five adult hospitals — three university hospitals and two community hospitals — as well as two pediatric hospitals, a psychiatric hospital, and hundreds of outpatient centers, clinics, and nationally recognized specialty care programs throughout the region. More than 20,000 staff and physicians deliver care through approximately 54,000 inpatient stays and 2.5 million outpatient visits each year. Nationally ranked and globally recognized, UCSF Health supports patients across the continuum, from routine and preventive needs to the most complex and highly specialized services. UCSF Health advances new approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and care delivery while making high-quality health care more connected, accessible, and equitable. As part of the University of California, San Francisco, UCSF Health operates at the intersection of patient care, research, and education, improving the health of communities today while helping shape the future of care. Visit www.ucsfhealth.org. 

About Kleiner Perkins:

For five decades, Kleiner Perkins has partnered with some of the most ingenious founders in technology, helping them make history with their bold ideas. Through 22 venture funds and four growth funds, we've invested over $12 billion in over 1,125 companies, including pioneers such as Amazon, Genentech, and Google. Today, Kleiner Perkins continues to invest in founders and their bold ideas helping them to make history. For more information, visit www.kleinerperkins.com and follow us on Twitter @kleinerperkins.

About Doerr Capital

Doerr Capital invests the family office capital of Kleiner Perkins Chairman John Doerr. Headquartered in the San Francisco Bay Area, Doerr Capital invests across venture, growth, and public markets.