Thursday, July 16, 2026

Desert dust in Europe is increasing

Paul Scherrer Institute

image:
PSI researchers Kaspar Dällenbach, Petros Vasilakos and Imad El Haddad (from left to right) have compiled measurement data on ground-level desert dust through a pan-European research network. The results of their analysis show: desert dust is a growing problem.
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Credit: © Paul Scherrer Institute PSI/Markus Fischer

While, thanks to strict regulations, particulate matter air pollution due to emissions from human activity in transportation, households, and industry are decreasing in Europe, another source is developing in the opposite direction: desert dust.

To determine more accurately the level of desert dust pollution in different regions of the continent, researchers at the Paul Scherrer Institute PSI, in cooperation with colleagues from across Europe, have collected data acquired over the past ten years from more than a hundred measuring stations and combined it with artificial intelligence. The result: in southern Europe, the average concentration of desert dust is 5.3 micrograms per cubic metre of air – more than twice as high as in central and northern Europe, where an average of 2.1 micrograms was measured. Overall, the amount of dust has increased by about half a microgram per cubic metre during this period. “That corresponds to an increase in this dust pollution of ten to twenty-five percent,” says project leader Kaspar Dällenbach from the PSI Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences. “This is not negligible, both in terms of the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of large solar installations and with regard to the health impacts of increased particulate matter pollution.”

To enable scientists to make longer-term comparisons, the relevant data collection at most measuring stations does not extend far enough into the past. Therefore the researchers also used ice core data from Colle Gnifetti on the Swiss-Italian border in the study: dust particles trapped in the ice of the Alpine glacier over recent centuries reveal that the concentration of desert dust there has more than doubled over the course of industrialisation – that is, over the last 150 years.

Desert dust is easy to distinguish from other particulate matter

As a reliable indicator for desert dust, the researchers used the concentration of aluminium in airborne particulate matter. This element is characteristic of dust particles transported from deserts. Particulate matter from urban construction sites, for example, is very high in calcium, and particules from traffic and household emissions contains mainly soot or carbon from the combustion of petroleum. “Through chemical analyses, we can determine the origin of particulate matter found at ground level very accurately,” says Petros Vasilakos, another researcher at the PSI Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences and lead author of the study.

There are concerns that desert dust concentrations will continue to rise, partially undermining efforts to curb human-caused emissions of particulate matter. This study identifies the increasing desiccation of the Sahara in North Africa as the cause. In addition, altered atmospheric circulation patterns are bringing increasingly strong winds from this region to Europe. “It is not yet definitively clear to what extent human-induced climate change has contributed to this development or whether it is further intensifying it,” says Kaspar Dällenbach. “However, our current understanding suggests that the increase in desert dust is at least facilitated by human greenhouse gas emissions and the associated global warming. This leads to drier conditions in certain regions and the expansion of deserts.”

Desert dust can put stress on human health

With regard to the health consequences of elevated desert dust concentrations in Europe, the researchers evaluated the current state of epidemiological studies. Long-term effects from transported desert dust, such as pneumoconiosis, asthma, and chronic bronchitis, could only be proven definitively through extensive long-term studies. The immediate increase in mortality on days with elevated levels of airborne desert dust, however, is well documented: measurably more people die as a result of heart attacks and respiratory problems on days with dust pollution than on other days. “The number of storms carrying desert dust to us from the Sahara and the Arabian Desert has not actually increased,” Petros Vasilakos says. “But they have become more intense over the ten years studied, and as a result they are now transporting more dust to Europe than they did before.”

Southern Europe is particularly affected – from Greece in the east through Italy to Spain and Portugal. The study also detected elevated dust levels in western France. “This is because,” explains co-author Imad El Haddad, who also conducts research at the PSI Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences, “air masses from the Sahara often flow out into the Atlantic and then turn north again towards western Europe.”

A unique combination of physical data and AI

What makes this study special is, first of all, that it represents probably the most comprehensive data collection to date on desert dust in Europe: “We included virtually all available measurement series on this topic, because we were able to recruit more than 50 colleagues across Europe to participate,” says El Haddad. The PSI researchers benefited from their membership in the pan-European research network ACTRIS, in which aerosol researchers join forces to coordinate their series of long-term measurements of aerosols, clouds, and trace gases internationally and to make them freely accessible.

Furthermore, the researchers used artificial intelligence to extend existing, purely physical models of particulate matter distribution: “While conventional models are good at predicting strong desert dust episodes, they rarely capture smaller dust events and have difficulty accurately determining the dust concentration at ground level,” says Kaspar Dällenbach. “With our measurement data and the AI, which estimates concentrations for other regions of Europe on the basis of measurements from more than a hundred locations, we were able to supplement the model with this information and thus create a reliable, health-relevant particulate matter map of dust particles for all of Europe.” The data collected in this way can now also serve as a basis for future studies investigating long-term health consequences.

Unlike particulate matter directly attributable to human activity, such as exhaust fumes, chimney smoke, and abrasion processes, desert dust emissions cannot be reduced by any direct intervention. However, comprehensive climate protection measures to limit global warming could, in the long term, help to curb the desiccation of desert areas and thus the expansion of these dust sources. For now, though, Europe has to live with the increase in desert dust.

It would be conceivable to establish warning systems for high concentrations, similar to those used for urban particulate matter, so that particularly sensitive individuals or those with lung conditions can take precautions on dusty days. The energy sector would also benefit: desert dust in the air shades solar panels and accumulates on them, reducing their electricity production. If energy providers could anticipate this, they could compensate by boosting production from other power plants, thus ensuring the stability of the grid.

Text: Jan Berndorff

About PSI

The Paul Scherrer Institute PSI develops, builds and operates large, complex research facilities and makes them available to the national and international research community. The institute's own key research priorities are in the fields of future technologies, energy and climate, health innovation and fundamentals of nature. PSI is committed to the training of future generations. Therefore about one quarter of our staff are post-docs, post-graduates or apprentices. Altogether PSI employs 2300 people, thus being the largest research institute in Switzerland. The annual budget amounts to approximately CHF 450 million. PSI is part of the ETH Domain, with the other members being the two Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology, ETH Zurich and EPFL Lausanne, as well as Eawag (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology), Empa (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology) and WSL (Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research).

Further information

ACTRIS research network

Journal

Nature

DOI

10.1038/s41586-026-10743-w

Article Title

Rising dust pollution threatens European air quality in a changing climate

Article Publication Date

15-Jul-2026

New study pinpoints Europe's most critical wetlands for climate action

University of Copenhagen

Wetlands have shaped human life in Europe since ancient times. These ecosystems provided essential resources and safe havens for plants and animals, and in many regions they also held spiritual and ritual significance. For millennia, wetlands covered vast parts of the European continent.

Today, the picture is very different. Half of Europe’s wetlands have disappeared due to drainage, cultivation, and resource extraction. Yet wetlands are not only part of our cultural and natural heritage — they are also among the most efficient carbon sinks in nature. But when disturbed, they may shift from storing carbon to emitting large quantities of greenhouse gases.

For this reason, the EU’s Nature Restoration Law requires all Member States to restore at least 30% of their wetlands not in “good condition” by 2030.

Until now, however, there has been no comprehensive overview of where Europe’s wetlands are located or what condition they are in. That gap is addressed by a new study, just published in Nature, led by researchers at the Global Wetland Center at the University of Copenhagen.

“To meet wetland restoration targets, we need a high-resolution map showing their extent, the different types, and what is disturbing them today. Without that insight, it’s difficult to assess their true climate impact. Until now, such a detailed map hasn’t existed—but we’ve succeeded in creating one which also shows how fragmented European wetlands are,” says postdoctoral researcher Gyula Máté Kovács from the Global Wetland Center at the University of Copenhagen and lead author of the study.

Map identifies priority areas

Using 10m satellite imagery and machine learning, the research team developed the new digital map European Wetland Types, covering six categories of wetlands across 38 European countries. The map provides a basis for assessing where wetland restoration could deliver benefits for climate and biodiversity.

“The map shows the condition of wetlands and highlights areas with the largest restoration potential. Coastal marshes, for example, do not generally store as much CO₂ as peatlands. It enables policymakers to make an initial screening of potential suitable candidates,” says Associate Professor and co-author of the study Stéphanie Horion from the University of Copenhagen.

Across Europe the findings point to peatlands as the most critical type of wetland to restore, especially in terms of climate benefits. Peatlands are concentrated in Northern Europe and are highly effective carbon stores, but they are also the source of potentially significant carbon losses. More than one fifth of peatlands are currently degraded by human activity.

A resource for the EU and Member States

The new map offers a valuable tool for both the EU and individual Member States, the researchers say.

“Our work can directly support the implementation of the EU Nature Restoration Law. Each country must submit a national restoration plan, but several countries have yet not designated specific areas or set national targets. They could use this map as a starting point,” says Stéphanie Horion.

One of the map’s key strengths is that it harmonises the various definitions of what constitutes a wetland. This translates to a map that is universally applicable across Europe. This enables EU institutions to assess national reporting on a comparable basis.

“Wetlands are highly diverse and are defined differently across countries. What we classify as peatland in Denmark, may not be considered peatland in Scotland. Harmonised definitions are therefore essential for comparison across large regions,” says Gyula Máté Kovács.

Gyula Máté Kovács is now working on developing a global version of the map. Together with colleagues at the Global Wetland Center, they aim at improving global estimates of greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands.

WHAT THE MAP SHOWS

The map identifies Europe’s six major types of natural and semi-natural wetlands (inland marshes, peatbogs, salt marshes, salines, intertidal flats and moors & heathlands) across 38 European countries at a spatial resolution of 10 metres.
The mapping shows that Europe’s wetlands are highly fragmented into many small and separate areas. Around 27–33% of wetlands occur in contiguous areas smaller than 25 hectares, while 7–11% are found in very small patches under 1 hectare. This means that a significant share of the smallest wetlands is often missed in coarser mapping efforts, unlike in this new, more detailed map.
The researchers estimate that around one fifth of Europe’s wetlands are highly affected by human activities, with inland marshes being the most heavily disturbed.
At the same time, up to 5 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalents of soil carbon may have been released compared to a scenario in which these areas had remained undisturbed. This is roughly equivalent to the total CO₂ emissions of the EU over one and a half years.

ABOUT THE STUDY

The study has just been published in the scientific journal Nature.
The European Wetland Types map is available open access and can be visualized here.
The following researchers from the University of Copenhagen contributed to the study: Gyula Máté Kovács, Xiaoye Tong, Dimitri Gominski, Stefan Oehmcke, Stéphanie Horion, Christin Abel, Guy Schurgers, Bo Elberling, Alexander Prishchepov and Rasmus Fensholt.
Additional contributors include: Eva Ivits (European Environment Agency); Susan Page (University of Leicester); and Sebastian van der Linden, Alexandre Barthelmes and Franziska Tanneberger (University of Greifswald).

Journal

Nature

DOI

10.1038/s41586-026-10760-9

Article Title

Highly fragmented European wetlands with uneven restoration needs'

Article Publication Date

15-Jul-2026

Naked mole-rats: The smell of success

A team from the Max Delbrück Center has found that naked mole-rat queens produce an odorous chemical that ensures that only they can reproduce. The queen’s odor also prevents rivalry within colonies — even when the queen is not physically present.

Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association

Imagine the following scenario: A head of state enters a room and emits a scent that prevents potential rivals from even considering challenging them. What’s more, they remain calm and focused on their tasks. It may sound like a dystopian fantasy, but in naked mole-rat societies — it’s a way of life.

An international team led by Dr. Gary Lewin, Group Leader of the Molecular Physiology of Somatosensory Perception lab at the Max Delbrück Center in Berlin, has discovered that the queens of naked mole-rat colonies release a volatile compound called isopropyl myristate, which induces temporary infertility in all other females in the colony.

“It works even when the queen is absent and the animals are exposed only to the scent,” says Dr. Mohammed Khallaf from the Lewin lab and first author of the study. The research, which includes groups from Berlin, Frankfurt, Jena, Munich, and Paris, as well as collaborators in Egypt, South Africa, Tanzania, the Czech Republic, and the United States, was published in Nature.

Odorless to humans, not to naked mole-rats

For roughly 25 years, Lewin has studied the biology of naked mole-rats, a mammal native to Africa that is of considerable medical interest. The rodents — about 450 of which currently live at the Max Delbrück Center in tunnel systems modeled after their natural habitat — have exceptionally long lifespans, rarely develop cancer, and experience little pain. They are also among the very few eusocial mammal species that live in highly organized colonies, similar to those of bees or ants. A single breeding queen sits at the top of the hierarchy, while numerous infertile workers cooperate to gather food, raise young, and perform other tasks that benefit the colony.

“For this study, we wanted to understand the biological mechanisms that allow the queen to maintain her exclusive reproductive status,” says Lewin. “We suspected that scent cues might play an important role, as they do in insects, particularly because we had already found that naked mole-rats use smell to distinguish members of their own colony from those from foreign colonies.”

The researchers used mass spectrometry to characterize volatile compounds emitted exclusively by queens. They identified a familiar chemical: isopropyl myristate, which is commonly used in cosmetics as a solvent and moisturizing agent. It is odorless to humans, but turns out to be a very powerful compound in naked mole-rats.

“Using electrophysiological techniques and functional ultrasound imaging, which measures blood flow and thus activity in specific brain regions, we showed that their olfactory receptors detect the compound and that the resulting signals are processed in the brain’s olfactory centers,” explains Khallaf. “Higher-ranking animals also avoid the scent when given the opportunity, likely because it reminds them of the queen’s dominance.”

The queen odor alters hormone levels

When a naked mole-rat queen dies or is removed from the colony, fierce fights and new mating behaviors emerge within days. Once the first female becomes pregnant, she assumes the role of queen and stability returns. “In our experiments, however, we found that the queen’s physical presence is not essential for maintaining harmony in the colony,” says Lewin. “Simply spraying isopropyl myristate into the colony each day was enough.” However, without the queen’s odor, conflicts quickly resumed.

The compound had similar effects in pairs of animals. “If you place a female and a male from the same colony together in a cage, they become sexually active after a few days,” says Khallaf. “That does not happen if they are exposed on a daily basis to bedding carrying the queen’s scent. Remarkably, sexual interest also did not emerge when we applied isopropyl myristate directly to their cage each day.”

Further experiments revealed that isopropyl myristate increases levels of prolactin, a hormone that reduces fertility in mammals. At the same time, it keeps levels of the fertility-promoting hormone progesterone low. “Together, these findings explain why naked mole-rats exposed to the queen’s scent do not reproduce,” explains Lewin.

Different species, similar strategies

The researchers also showed that queens produce isopropyl myristate only during pregnancy. “When a queen can no longer reproduce, progesterone levels rise in the other animals and prolactin levels fall,” says Lewin. “At that point, succession struggles within the colony begin again.”

“The idea that a single scent can maintain peace and prevent violence may sound like science fiction,” says Khallaf. “In the world of naked mole-rats, it is reality.” The team was surprised that such a complex social system appears to be regulated by a single chemical signal rather than a cocktail of pheromones, which is typically the case in insects, he adds. “Apparently, evolution likes to fall back on tried-and-true — and sometimes simplified — strategies, even across radically different species.”

Max Delbrück Center

The Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association aims to transform tomorrow’s medicine through our discoveries of today. At locations in Berlin-Buch, Berlin-Mitte, Heidelberg and Mannheim, our researchers harness interdisciplinary collaboration to decipher the complexities of disease at the systems level – from molecules and cells to organs and the entire organism. Through academic, clinical, and industry partnerships, as well as global networks, we strive to translate biological discoveries into applications that enable the early detection of deviations from health, personalize treatment, and ultimately prevent disease. First founded in 1992, the Max Delbrück Center today inspires and nurtures a diverse talent pool of 1,800 people from over 70 countries. We are 90 percent

Journal

Nature

DOI

10.1038/s41586-026-10772-5

Method of Research

Experimental study

Subject of Research

Animals

Article Title

A queen odour mediates reproductive suppression in a eusocial mammal

Article Publication Date

15-Jul-2026

Lobbying trends in psychiatry and psychology

JAMA Psychiatry

About The Study:

This economic evaluation characterizes U.S. lobbying spending in the mental health field between 2014 and 2024.

Corresponding Author: To contact the corresponding author, Anmoldeep Singh, BA, email anmoldeep-singh@ou.edu.

To access the embargoed study: Visit our For The Media website at this link https://media.jamanetwork.com/

(10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2026.1921)

Editor’s Note: Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, conflict of interest and financial disclosures, and funding and support.

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Journal

JAMA Psychiatry

How a nicotine reduction policy could reduce smoking disparities and boost productivity

Computer modeling by Rutgers researchers shows a federal standard could drive U.S. smoking rates below 1% in 14 years

Rutgers University
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Implementing a federal nicotine reduction strategy may prevent millions of premature deaths, boost productivity, and significantly close smoking disparity gaps for individuals with major depression, according to Rutgers Health researchers.
Their study , published in the journal Tobacco Control, evaluated the potential impact of the Food and Drug Administration’s proposed product standard to cap nicotine in combusted tobacco products at minimally or nonaddictive levels. Cigarettes are harmful to health, but nicotine is the primary addictive agent that gets people hooked on smoking and makes it hard to quit. A cigarette on average has 10 to 14 milligrams of nicotine. The FDA proposed capping it at 0.7 milligrams.
Using a simulation model – a computer forecasting method – researchers at the Rutgers Institute for Nicotine and Tobacco Studies and the Rutgers School of Public Health modeled long-term health and financial impacts on the U.S. population through 2100. The study focused on how this policy could affect individuals living with major depression, a vulnerable group that smokes at disproportionately higher rates than the general public.
“Tobacco use heavily impacts vulnerable groups,” said Sarah Skolnick, a postdoctoral associate at the Rutgers Institute for Nicotine and Tobacco Studies. “The model shows that a nicotine reduction policy would directly reduce tobacco-related health disparities, specifically protecting individuals suffering from major depression. We were particularly interested in this impact on the population with major depression, because we know that depression can increase smoking, and smoking can, in turn, increase depression.”
The study enabled researchers to represent a complex system, capturing current population dynamics and testing various scenarios.
“The simulation begins with individuals born without major depression or any smoking experience,” explained Jamie Tam, an associate professor at Rutgers School of Public Health and the institute. “Then as the simulation progresses, it tracks how people transition into various health states, such as taking up smoking, starting to vape, doing both, or developing depression.”
The findings were scaled to represent health and economic costs for the United States population, using data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and the National Survey on Drug Use and Health.
The researchers found that implementing this policy could drive smoking rates below 1% for all population groups by the year 2040, nearly eliminating smoking for people both with and without major depression. By reducing tobacco use, the model projected that the policy could prevent 1.6 million premature deaths and 8 million people from developing major depression by 2100.
Under the policy, the model also projected that worker productivity could increase by $298 billion and the economy could realize a $1.3 trillion increase in consumer spending. “When people die early because of smoking, we lose their contributions to society as consumers and as members of the working population,” Tam adds. “Reducing smoking through nicotine reduction would help people live longer, healthier lives, and allow them to continue contributing to our economy.”
While a federal mandate on nicotine levels remains uncertain, the researchers said state and local governments have the power to act now through sales restrictions, similar to flavor restrictions.
“Individual states do not have to wait,” Skolnick said. “They can independently implement nicotine reduction policies today to protect their residents.”
The results from this study can be explored through the Tobacco Control Policy Tool, an online interactive interface developed by the study team.”
Funding for this study was provided by the National Institutes of Health (NIH)’s National Institute on Drug Abuse, under award number K01DA056424. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

Journal

Tobacco Control

DOI

10.1136/tc-2025-059896

Method of Research

Computational simulation/modeling

Subject of Research

People

Article Publication Date

15-Jul-2026

Less nicotine, fewer cigarettes: New study finds smokers are unlikely to smoke more when switching to low-nicotine cigarettes

Wake Forest University School of Medicine researchers analyzed 17 clinical trials and found little evidence that smokers compensate for less nicotine by smoking more cigarettes or inhaling more deeply, debunking long-held myths

Wake Forest University School of Medicine

WINSTON-SALEM, N.C., July 15, 2026 — People who switch to cigarettes with dramatically reduced nicotine levels are unlikely to smoke more cigarettes or inhale more smoke to compensate for the lower nicotine content, according to a new study led by researchers at Wake Forest University School of Medicine and published in JAMA Network Open. 

The systematic review examined 17 randomized clinical trials involving more than 5,500 adolescents and adults. Researchers found little evidence that smokers compensated for reduced nicotine by increasing their smoking behavior. In fact, researchers found most of the study participants smoked fewer cigarettes after switching to low nicotine. The findings are relevant to a proposed U.S. Food and Drug Administration product standard that would reduce nicotine levels in cigarettes and certain other combusted tobacco products to minimally or nonaddictive levels. The proposed rule remains under FDA review. 

“Cigarette smoking is at a historic low, a public health victory, but that’s still 25 million people who smoke,” said lead author Rachel Denlinger-Apte, Ph.D., M.P.H., assistant professor of social sciences and health policy at Wake Forest University School of Medicine. 

Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows more than 40% of adults in the U.S. smoked in the mid-1960s. That number has dwindled to just under 10% in recent years.

“The prevalence is down, but the numbers are still high, and tobacco is still one of the leading causes of premature and preventable death,” she added. 

Public health efforts to further reduce smoking have recently included “very low nicotine content” cigarettes, which contain about 95% less nicotine than conventional cigarettes. Because nicotine is the addictive chemical in cigarettes, lowering nicotine levels could help prevent future generations from becoming dependent on tobacco and support people trying to quit by easing withdrawal symptoms, according to researchers.

However, confusion between low-nicotine cigarettes and so-called “light” cigarettes has fueled concerns.

Unlike low-nicotine cigarettes, “light” cigarettes are not low in nicotine and rely on ventilated filters to dilute inhaled smoke. Developed decades ago, amid growing awareness of tobacco’s health risks, “light” cigarettes resulted in a behavior known as “compensatory smoking,” whereby smokers smoke more or inhale more deeply.

The concern is that lower-nicotine products – if similar to “light” cigarettes – might lead to the same compensatory smoking behavior, ultimately increasing exposing to harmful ingredients over time.

The research shows the opposite. 

“Our findings suggest that widespread compensatory smoking is unlikely to occur if a low-nicotine product standard is implemented,” Denlinger-Apte said. “The concern has been that people would smoke more cigarettes or inhale more deeply to get the nicotine they are used to receiving. Across 17 clinical trials, we found minimal evidence that this happens.” 

In the systematic review, Denlinger-Apte and colleagues examined clinical trials published between 2010 and 2024 and also performed an analysis using data from more than 2,400 smokers enrolled in seven U.S. studies. They found that none of these trials reported increases in the number of average cigarettes smoked per day among people assigned to the very low nicotine cigarettes. Sixteen of the 17 trials also found participants smoking low nicotine cigarettes actually smoked fewer cigarettes per day than those smoking traditional cigarettes. Many even made spontaneous attempts to quit, Denlinger-Apte said. 

Additional findings showed no evidence of reported increases in average carbon monoxide exposure. After six weeks, fewer than 1% of participants were predicted to smoke more. 

Denlinger-Apte said evidence like the recent analysis could bolster the chances of proposed FDA policies and ultimately lead to fewer smokers.

“While smoking rates are down, the toll of tobacco use remains substantial, and there is still an urgent need for policies that help prevent nicotine addiction and support people who want to quit,” she said. “Modeling studies have suggested that a nationwide nicotine product standard could substantially reduce smoking over time, including by prompting millions of people to quit. 

“It could be one of the most impactful public health policies of this century,” she said.

This research was supported by the National Institutes of Drug Abuse and the FDA’s Center for Tobacco Products grants U54DA031659, U54DA036114, R01DA058264, R01DA046320, K01CA189300 and K01MD014795.

Journal

JAMA Network Open

DOI

10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.22543

Method of Research

Meta-analysis

Subject of Research

People

Article Title

Compensatory Smoking With Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes

Article Publication Date

15-Jul-2026