Mapping Indonesia’s seagrass quality, revealing priorities for blue carbon conservation

Researchers map Indonesia’s seagrass ecological mosaic, identifying ecological hotspots, coldspots, and outliers to target conservation and restoration

Hasanuddin University

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A team of researchers led by Dr. Rohani Ambo-Rappe from Hasanuddin University, Indonesia, assessed ecological conditions of seagrass meadows, spread across Central and Eastern Indonesia, using the seagrass ecological quality index (SEQI). The approach identified ecological hotspots, coldspots, and outliers that could help guide targeted conservation and restoration efforts.

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Credit: "Seagrass bed, Fiji" by Derek Keats via Flickr Image source link: https://openverse.org/image/e1a3c03a-443d-47fd-950c-f784e2f9732

Not all of Indonesia’s seagrass meadows are faring alike. A study has revealed substantial spatial differences in the condition of 21 seagrass meadows across Central and Eastern Indonesia, providing a clearer picture of where ecosystems are thriving (hotspots), under stress (coldspots), or undergoing ecological change (outliers).

But why does this matter? Indonesia, a world seagrass hotspot, is home to more than 660,000 hectares of seagrass meadows that provide habitat for marine life, support fisheries, store carbon, and protect coastlines. However, these ecosystems face growing pressures from human activities and environmental change, while their ecological condition can vary considerably across the country’s diverse coastal regions. Assessing these differences remains challenging, particularly where long-term monitoring data are limited.  

To address this shortcoming, a team of researchers from several Indonesian institutions led by Prof. Rohani Ambo-Rappe of the Department of Marine Science at Hasanuddin University, quantified the Seagrass Ecological Quality Index (SEQI). The framework integrates key biophysical and environmental indicators to provide a detailed spatial assessment of seagrass ecological quality across Central and Eastern Indonesia, helping identify areas where conservation or restoration efforts could be prioritized. Their work was made available online on May 25, 2026, and was published in Volume 1039 of Science of The Total Environment on July 10, 2026.

“We developed the SEQI framework using five ecological indicators, including seagrass species richness, seagrass cover, water clarity, macroalgae cover, and epiphyte cover,” mentions Prof. Ambo-Rappe. “We combined the index with spatial and multivariate analyses to understand how ecological conditions varied among sites.”

The assessment revealed substantial variation in seagrass condition, with SEQI values ranging from 0.39 to 0.88. Some of the highest values were recorded at Pasi-Gusung, Parak, and Maharayya, where seagrass meadows had high species richness, relatively extensive cover, and clear water. In contrast, Lae-Lae recorded the lowest SEQI value, reflecting very low seagrass cover and species richness alongside reduced water clarity.

The researchers found that these differences were not randomly distributed. In Central Indonesia, seagrass ecological quality formed a spatial mosaic of hotspots, coldspots, and ecological outliers. High-quality “hotspots” were identified at sites including Pasi-Gusung, Liukangloe, Maharayya, and Parak, where healthy conditions were reinforced by similarly healthy surrounding areas. Such locations can benefit from conservation to maintain existing ecological resilience. In contrast, several locations identified as “coldspots” were characterized by degraded ecosystems. These areas included Sekotong, Lanjukang, Badi-Alami, Badi-Restorasi, Waboela, and Lapandewa, where restoration or measures to reduce environmental pressures may be particularly important.

The analysis also revealed sites with contrasting conditions relative to their surroundings, identified as spatial “outliers.” Areas like Bone Batang and Barrang Lompo contained relatively healthy ecosystems within less healthy surroundings, potentially making them vulnerable ecological refugia requiring protection. Meanwhile, Lae-Lae and Bonto Bahari represented degraded sites embedded within healthier seagrass systems, suggesting opportunities for targeted restoration.

Seagrass conservation policies cannot rely on a one-size-fits-all approach. This unique ecological mosaic of seagrass meadows in Indonesia, a patchwork of ecological conditions, highlights the importance of considering spatial context when managing seagrass ecosystems. Rather than treating each meadow in isolation, identifying ecological clusters and outliers can help conservation practitioners pinpoint where protection, restoration, or targeted interventions could have the greatest impact.

By identifying healthy seagrass ecosystems that can be prioritized for conservation and degraded areas where targeted restoration may be needed, the research can help inform efforts to protect marine biodiversity and strengthen the role of seagrass meadows as blue carbon reservoirs. These findings also advance the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 14 (Life Below Water).

Collectively, the findings offer a practical basis for prioritizing conservation and restoration efforts. “Our study provides a spatially informed framework to identify areas to protect, restore, or buffer. It can guide actionable conservation priorities, before further degradation makes recovery more difficult,” concludes Prof. Ambo-Rappe.

 

Reference
Title of original paper:  Spatial–multivariate modelling of seagrass ecological quality index (SEQI) in Central to Eastern Indonesia
Journal: Science of The Total Environment
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181904

About Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
Hasanuddin University (Universitas Hasanuddin or Unhas) is one of Indonesia’s largest autonomous universities, located in Makassar. Established on September 10, 1956, and named after Sultan Hasanuddin of the Gowa Kingdom, the university has grown into a major center for higher education with 18 faculties, including medicine, engineering, law, agriculture, and natural sciences. Its origins date back to 1947 with an economics faculty linked to the University of Indonesia. Today, Unhas focuses on advancing science, technology, arts, and culture, with a strong emphasis on the Indonesian Maritime Continent, aiming to develop innovative and globally competitive graduates.
Learn more, here: https://www.unhas.ac.id/about/

About Professor Rohani Ambo-Rappe from Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
Rohani Ambo-Rappe is a Professor in marine ecology and researcher at Hasanuddin University, Indonesia. She earned her Ph.D. in Marine Ecology from the University of Newcastle, Australia. Her research focuses on seagrass community structure, coastal ecosystem services, habitat restoration, and adaptation to climate change in marine environments. She has more than 150 publications to her credit, with close to 3,000 citations.

Funding information
This research was funded by the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) through the Project “Piloting Methodology of Inventory and Researching Emission Factor in Eastern Indonesia Region for Blue Carbon Ecosystems to Support Enabling Blue Carbon in Indonesia.” GGGI and Hasanuddin University also covered the open access publication fee.

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Journal

Science of The Total Environment

DOI

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181904 

Method of Research

Data/statistical analysis

Subject of Research

Not applicable

Article Title

Spatial–multivariate modelling of seagrass ecological quality index (SEQI) in Central to Eastern Indonesia

WAR IS ECOCIDE

Shipwrecks from WWI and WWII are polluting the North Sea

During both world wars, fierce naval battles took place in the North Sea, and many ships sank. The wrecks remain there today, leaking toxic chemicals that local flora and fauna absorb, new research shows

Aarhus University

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A diver from the Danish Navy is collecting common mussels on the wreck of the german submarine from WW1.

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Credit: Kathrine Juul Andresen

In April 1917, the German submarine UC-30 sailed beneath the waves off the coast of Rømø. It had originally been on a mission in Ireland, but after suffering engine trouble, it turned around and was almost home in Germany.

Onboard, the submarine carried 18 mines and six torpedoes, making it heavily loaded with explosives. However, the submarine never made it back home. On April 19, it struck a British mine and sank. Twenty-seven crew members perished, and the wreck vanished until it was discovered in 2016, nearly 100 years later, by Danish diver Gert Normann Andersen.

The submarine is one of the wrecks that Katrine Juul Andresen, a professor at the Department of Geoscience at Aarhus University, helped investigate as part of the major research project NorthSeaWrecks.

Together with navy divers, she collected samples of the surrounding water, the seabed, and the starfish and mussels living on the wreck.

“Civilian diving is not permitted on the wreck, so we received great assistance from navy divers. After receiving instructions, they dove down and collected sediment samples, water samples, and wildlife samples from various locations on the wreck and from the surrounding seabed.”

“The divers also recorded video and took photos, which we subsequently used to assess the exposure of the mines and the condition of the wreck.”

After analyzing the samples, the professor concluded that the explosives inside the wreck are polluting the surrounding ecosystem.

“We found traces of TNT in the wildlife, the seabed, and the water column. Pollution is definitely occurring. The question is how significant the effect is and how far from the wreck the pollution impacts the marine environment. It is likely a relatively localized source of pollution, but it will worsen as the wreck continues to deteriorate and expose more of the explosive material inside the mines,” she says.

The Battle for the North Sea

The North Sea was critical during World War I for both Germany and Britain. Whoever controlled the waters could dictate which goods entered and exited both countries, effectively allowing them to starve the opponent into submission. Germany, which had a smaller fleet than Britain, attempted from the beginning of the war to use its submarines to sneak up on British ships and sink them. Both nations also laid thousands of mines, hoping enemy ships would hit them. An estimated 190,000 mines were deployed in the North Sea during WWI. Additionally, the largest naval clash in history took place in the North Sea off Hanstholm in Northern Jutland during WWI. The German and British navies clashed at the Battle of Jutland, where more than 25 ships sank and nearly 10,000 sailors lost their lives. As a result, numerous wrecks from that era rest on the seabed.

One of Many Wrecks

The German submarine is only one of many historical wrecks polluting Danish waters. In 2024, Katrine Juul Andresen prepared a report for the Danish Environmental Protection Agency to map and assess the environmental risks posed by such wrecks – and to determine potential measures to prevent or mitigate the pollution.

“In the report, I found that there are 10,127 wrecks in Danish waters. Around 15 percent of them date back to the years around and during the two world wars [1910–1920 and 1940–1945, ed.]. That is quite a high number,” she says.

The report was commissioned by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency to evaluate how Denmark can comply with the EU Water Framework Directive. Consequently, the professor suggests that more concrete measures may eventually be needed to manage this type of pollution.

“I am not aware of whether the agency has taken the work further since the report was published in 2024. However, research shows that the wrecks represent a source of pollution for the local marine environment,” she says.

Detonate or Retrieve?
In Germany, lawmakers have allocated substantial funds to retrieve part of the wrecks and WWII munitions from the Baltic Sea. When the second world war ended, the Allies dumped tons of ammunition into the sea to prevent it from falling into the wrong hands.

Just like the wrecks, however, this submerged ammunition is polluting the marine environment.

“The Germans are further ahead with this than we are in Denmark. They sometimes retrieve explosives from the wrecks and neutralize them, but doing so is very costly,” she notes.

The issue with wrecks loaded with munitions is that detonating them underwater can, in certain cases, disperse the contamination and worsen the problem.

“It depends on the area where the wreck and munitions lie. Currents and seabed morphology play a major role. In some cases, detonating them can do more harm than good,” she explains.

Robots on the Seabed
Alongside international colleagues, Katrine Juul Andresen participates in the EU-funded REMARCO project, researching methods to remove munitions and historical wrecks.

“We are trying to identify the most gentle solutions to the problem, as there is unfortunately no easy way to clean it up,” she says.

Some researchers within the project are experimenting with developing crawling seabed robots capable of mapping the precise locations of dangerous munitions, allowing for better monitoring of the wrecks.

“In some cases, the robots can also pick up items, retrieve them from the sea and neutralize them. That could be one viable solution for the future.”

However, not all wrecks require intervention.

“Some wrecks are fully or partially buried in the seabed. When covered by sand, the risk of polluting the surrounding sea is significantly lower. It is a matter of identifying where the environmental threat is greatest – and then deciding whether the munitions on the wrecks should be removed,” she concludes.

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Journal

Marine Pollution Bulletin

DOI

10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119738 

Method of Research

Experimental study

Subject of Research

Not applicable

Article Title

Environmental risks from world war shipwrecks: Field-based biomarker evidence from caged mussels in the North Sea

3D model of the wreck of the submarine UC-30, based on seabed scans acquired with a multibeam echosounder.

Professor Kathrine Juul Andresen preparing steel cages for the common mussels before the diving operation begins.

Credit

Kathrine Juul Andresen

  

Comparison of LASIK and contact lenses for myopia correction

Higher Education Press

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 Flowchart of literature selection.

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Credit: HIGHER EDUCATION PRESS

Myopia affects billions of people worldwide. LASIK surgery offers long-term vision correction by reshaping the cornea, while contact lenses provide a flexible, reversible option but need daily care. Previous studies rarely compared these two methods directly. This review followed PRISMA guidelines and searched four databases. Four studies with 2,141 participants (1,275 LASIK users, 866 contact lens users) were included. The main outcome was quality of life, with secondary outcomes being patient satisfaction and dry eye.

 

LASIK showed moderate improvement in quality of life, but results varied across studies. After removing one all-female study, the remaining studies consistently favored LASIK. Patient satisfaction strongly favored LASIK (88% vs. 54%), and 97% of former contact lens users preferred LASIK after switching. Complication rates were lower for LASIK (6.7%–9.5% vs. 19.9%). However, LASIK caused more acute dry eye (50%–58%), while contact lenses caused more chronic dry eye (71%).

 

LASIK is better for satisfaction and safety, but quality of life results are not clear enough due to different measurement tools. For individuals with dry eye symptoms or other ocular surface issues, the appropriate correction method should be determined by a professional physician after a thorough assessment of the ocular surface condition and a comprehensive evaluation.

 

The work titled “Quality of Life in Myopia: Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis Versus Contact Lenses”, was published on Eye & ENT Research (published on June 24, 2026).

 

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Journal

Eye & ENT Research

DOI

10.1002/eer3.70045 

Method of Research

Experimental study

Subject of Research

Not applicable

Article Title

Quality of Life in Myopia: Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis Versus Contact Lenses

Spectacle lenses with highly aspherical lenslets for myopia control

JAMA Ophthalmology

About the Study: 

In this randomized clinical trial of US children, spectacle lenses with HAL provided a reduction in myopia progression and axial elongation over 24 months. While longer-term data are needed to evaluate sustained treatment efficacy, these findings support HAL as a safe and effective myopia control intervention and underlie US Food and Drug Administration authorization of the study device.

Corresponding Author: Jason Shen, PhD, Essilor International, affiliate of EssilorLuxottica 13555 N Stemmons Fwy, Dallas, TX 75234 (Jason.shen@essilorusa.com).

10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2026.3288

To access the embargoed study: Visit our JAMA Network Media Center at this link https://media.jamanetwork.com/

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Editor's Note: Please see the article for additional information, including full author list, author contributions and affiliations, conflict of interest and financial disclosures, and funding and support.

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Journal

JAMA Ophthalmology

Cutting through ozone smog: new analysis maps China’s pollution pathways and mitigation options

Higher Education Press

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Decomposition efficiency for O3 at different distances from functional coatings incorporating catalytic materials.

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Credit: Tianzeng Chen, Biwu Chu, Jinzhu Ma, Qingxin Ma, Qian Liu, Shuxiao Wang, Kebin He, Jincai Zhao, Hong He

A Views & Comments article published in Engineering systematically unpacks the growing ozone pollution challenge across China and lays out two complementary technical frameworks to stabilise and lower tropospheric ozone concentrations, drawing on multi-year atmospheric monitoring, chamber simulation and field test evidence from national environmental research teams.

 

Since the launch of China’s Clean Air Action Plan, nationwide ambient PM₂.₅ levels have maintained steady declines, yet surface ozone has emerged as a persistent secondary air pollutant with fluctuating upward trends across major urban agglomerations including the expanded 2+36 city cluster around Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei. Ozone now outpaces fine particulate matter as the primary pollutant on more air quality monitoring days, with regional average daily maximum 8-hour ozone readings consistently exceeding the secondary grade threshold set by China’s National Ambient Air Quality Standard, and sitting far above the long-term exposure safety benchmark issued by the World Health Organization. The paper clarifies that ozone forms via nonlinear photochemical coupling cycles between nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), with formation sensitivity split into three distinct regimes: NOₓ-limited, VOC-limited and transitional zones, differentiated by the regional ratio of the two precursor emissions as evaluated through empirical kinetic modelling approach (EKMA).

 

The study traces the core drivers of sustained ozone elevation to mismatched emission reduction progress between the two precursors. Anthropogenic NOₓ emissions recorded a notable drop between 2013 and 2017, while VOC abatement lagged significantly; uneven cuts weakened NO-driven titration effects and lifted ozone levels, with most Chinese urban and industrial zones currently operating under VOC-limited ozone formation conditions, while rural areas fall under NOₓ-limited chemistry. Meteorological shifts compound this trend: falling PM₂.₅ burdens increase surface solar radiation flux and reduce radical quenching by particulate surfaces, creating a chemical “seesaw relationship” between PM₂.₅ and ozone that has already broken down into positive pollutant correlation across southern China, allowing coordinated control of both pollutants. Warming temperatures further accelerate photochemical reaction rates and boost emissions of biogenic volatile organics and volatile chemical products, amplifying ozone generation amid China’s dense industrial and urban precursor loadings.

 

For mitigation, the paper identifies large-scale NOₓ reduction as a more practically deliverable short-term precursor control strategy compared to broad VOC cuts. VOC sources are widely dispersed, mixing biogenic and diffuse anthropogenic streams with immature end-of-pipe treatment technologies, whereas NOₓ mainly stems from stationary combustion facilities and vehicle engines with mature removal systems including coal plant NH₃-selective catalytic reduction and automotive three-way and urea-SCR devices. Smog chamber and box model simulations confirm urban ozone will shift to NOₓ-limited status and begin declining only after deep NOₓ emission cuts, a pattern validated by COVID-19 lockdown observational data where extreme NO₂ suppression reversed earlier ozone growth trends. The paper notes region-tailored coordinated NOₓ-VOC reduction at optimal ratios remains the most theoretically effective long-term control route, yet deep NOₓ cuts represent the more actionable near-term pathway.

 

As a supplementary technical solution, the paper outlines ambient ozone direct catalytic decomposition coatings engineered for urban artificial surfaces including building exteriors. Low-cost transition metal catalysts blended into standard exterior coatings enable spontaneous ozone breakdown into oxygen under ambient temperature and humidity without external energy input. Field trials confirm consistent ozone decomposition activity across different distances from coated surfaces, and the technology carries modest cost increments over conventional building paint. Widespread deployment across China’s dense built environments can deliver localized ozone removal at a far lower projected economic cost than joint NOₓ-VOC precursor abatement, forming the technical foundation of the proposed “environmental catalytic city” and self-purifying urban design frameworks aligned with national green building and dual-carbon development targets.

 

The paper “Ozone Pollution in China: Current Status and Control Strategies,” is authored by Tianzeng Chen, Biwu Chu, Jinzhu Ma, Qingxin Ma, Qian Liu, Shuxiao Wang, Kebin He, Jincai Zhao, Hong He. Full text of the open access paper: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2025.06.044. For more information about Engineering, visit the website at https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/engineering.

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Journal

Engineering

DOI

10.1016/j.eng.2025.06.044 

Article Title

Ozone Pollution in China: Current Status and Control Strategies

 

Internal flow control turns more low-rank coal into valuable tar

Maximum Academic Press

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The TG curves of (a) coal at 20 °C/min, (b) GC-MS of volatiles at DTG peak, (c) 3D FTIR spectrum of volatiles with temperature, (d) FTIR spectrum of volatiles at 526 °C.

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Credit: Sustainable Carbon Materials

A research team has developed an inert-particle tracking method that makes volatile transport inside a fixed-bed coal pyrolysis reactor directly visible. By adding internal heating plates and a central gas-gathering tube, the researchers redirected volatile compounds from the reactor's hot outer wall toward its cooler core. This restructuring of the flow field suppressed excessive secondary cracking, increased total tar yield by approximately 8.5%, and raised the light-tar fraction to 74.42%. It also improved the fuel quality of the resulting gas.

Pyrolysis converts coal into tar, gas, and solid char and is considered a promising route for the cleaner utilization of low-rank coal. Researchers have investigated how coal rank, particle size, mineral composition, temperature, heating rate, pressure, and reactor configuration influence pyrolysis products. Indirectly heated fixed-bed reactors can produce relatively high tar yields, but their limited heat-transfer efficiency and strong secondary reactions may reduce tar quality. Internal components can modify heat and mass transfer, yet most previous studies have focused on overall product yields rather than directly determining how these structures alter volatile flow paths. A clearer understanding of this transport mechanism is therefore needed to guide reactor optimization.

A study (DOI: 10.48130/scm-0026-0019) published in Sustainable Carbon Materials on 27 May 2026 by Erfeng Hu's team, Chongqing University, shows that redirecting coal volatiles toward a cooler central zone can limit unwanted secondary reactions while increasing tar yield, light-tar content, and pyrolysis-gas heating value.

The researchers compared fixed-bed reactors with and without internal structures consisting of four heating plates and a central gas-gathering tube. Long-flame coal and chemically inert quartz particles were sieved to comparable particle-size distributions below 3 mm and loaded in different spatial arrangements. After nitrogen purging, the reactors were heated under identical conditions, and pyrolysis was stopped when the central bed temperature reached 500 °C. As tar-rich vapors passed through the quartz bed, condensation and coking darkened the quartz surface, enabling the dominant transport pathways to be visually traced. The team also measured tar, water, gas, and char yields and analyzed tar fractions and gas composition. Thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to characterize volatile release, while Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa models were applied to calculate apparent activation energies. Additional experiments in a 200-mm-diameter reactor examined whether the observed flow-field effects persisted at a larger scale. The thermal analysis identified three major pyrolysis stages and showed that the principal release of carbon-containing volatiles occurred between 300 and 600 °C, with particularly strong evolution near 500 °C. Apparent activation energies increased from approximately 67–73 kJ/mol at low conversion to 294–306 kJ/mol at high conversion, reflecting the progressive decomposition of more stable coal structures. Quartz discoloration revealed that the internals redirected vapors away from the high-temperature wall region and toward the cooler reactor core, producing a distinctive L-shaped deposition pattern. This altered pathway promoted the condensation and controlled recracking of heavy tar compounds while reducing their prolonged exposure to hot char. Consequently, the reactor equipped with internals produced more tar and less gas and water. Depending on the feeding arrangement, tar yield increased from 4.93 to 5.76 wt.% and from 5.62 to 6.10 wt.%. The light-tar fraction reached 74.42%. Hydrogen content fell while methane content increased, raising the gas higher heating value from 20.60 to 21.69 MJ/Nm³ in the corresponding configuration. Scale-up tests produced consistent changes in char properties, further supporting the proposed transport mechanism.

Overall, the study shows that reactor geometry can direct volatile movement and control coal pyrolysis reactions. Quartz tracing intuitively links internal flow patterns with tar, gas, and char properties, although it currently provides qualitative rather than quantitative evidence. Combining this method with grayscale imaging or surface-carbon measurements could improve assessments of volatile deposition. Together with product and kinetic analyses, the approach offers a scalable strategy for increasing tar yield, producing lighter fractions, and improving fuel-gas quality from low-rank coal conversion.

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References

DOI

10.48130/scm-0026-0019

Original Source URL

https://doi.org/10.48130/scm-0026-0019

Funding information

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22578038, 52104245), National Key R&D Program of China (2024ZD1004402), and Fundamental Research Funds of Chongqing City (Nos 2021XM3073, 2019LY41, and Z20240346).

About Sustainable Carbon Materials

Sustainable Carbon Materials (e-ISSN 3070-3557) is a multidisciplinary platform for communicating advances in fundamental and applied research on carbon-based materials. It is dedicated to serving as an innovative, efficient and professional platform for researchers in the field of carbon materials around the world to deliver findings from this rapidly expanding field of science. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal that publishes review, original research, invited review, rapid report, perspective, commentary and correspondence papers.

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Journal

Sustainable Carbon Materials

DOI

10.48130/scm-0026-0019 

Subject of Research

Not applicable

Article Title

Inert particle tracking of flow fields for selective tar enhancement in a fixed-bed reactor with internals