From intelligent sensing to precision diagnosis: Wearable electronics driving the future of personalized healthcare
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Figure 1. Evolution of wearable medical devices for health monitoring.
view moreCredit: Nano-Micro Letters
With the growing burden of chronic diseases and accelerating population aging, conventional medical approaches based on intermittent hospital- or laboratory-based measurements are increasingly insufficient for precision healthcare, which requires continuous, dynamic, and personalized health information. Wearable electronics, featuring flexibility, lightweight structures, and continuous monitoring capabilities, provide a promising pathway toward next-generation diagnostic systems.
Recently, Prof. Jian Yang from University of South China and Prof. Hossam Haick from Technion–Israel Institute of Technology published a comprehensive review entitled “Wearable Electronics for Precision Diagnosis through Advanced Manufacturing and Integration” in Nano-Micro Letters. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in wearable electronics for precision diagnosis and discusses key developments in sensing strategies, advanced manufacturing, heterogeneous integration, and biomedical applications.
The review emphasizes that future wearable diagnostic systems are far beyond simple sensor devices. Instead, they represent highly integrated platforms combining biosensors, flexible electronic modules, wireless communication units, and artificial intelligence algorithms. By continuously monitoring electrophysiological signals, metabolites, electrolytes, proteins, and other molecular biomarkers, wearable systems can establish individualized physiological baselines, enable early disease warning, support risk assessment, and monitor therapeutic responses.
In terms of sensing technologies, the article provides a comprehensive overview of electrical, electrochemical, transistor-based, and optical sensing strategies. Electrical sensors enable monitoring of signals such as electrocardiography, electroencephalography, pressure, and strain. Electrochemical sensors allow real-time analysis of glucose, lactate, ions, and inflammatory biomarkers in biofluids including sweat and interstitial fluid. Transistor and optical sensors further expand the capability of wearable systems toward ultrasensitive molecular detection and multimodal analysis. Together, these technologies are driving wearable electronics from single-parameter monitoring devices toward integrated diagnostic platforms.
Advanced manufacturing and heterogeneous integration technologies serve as critical foundations for practical wearable electronics. The review highlights various fabrication approaches, including coating, printing, three-dimensional printing, electrospinning, photolithography, and laser direct writing. It also discusses strategies for soft–hard interface engineering, three-dimensional integration, and fully flexible electronic systems, which enable the seamless integration of sensing, power supply, data processing, and wireless communication modules while maintaining mechanical flexibility and user comfort.
Wearable diagnostic systems have demonstrated broad biomedical applications, covering neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, ophthalmology, musculoskeletal disorders, skin and wound management, cancer, diabetes, and inflammatory immune diseases. For example, smart patches enable continuous cardiac monitoring, intelligent masks provide respiratory analysis and pathogen detection, while microneedle and sweat-based platforms allow dynamic monitoring of metabolic and immune-related biomarkers.
Despite remarkable progress, the clinical translation of wearable electronics still requires solutions to several challenges, including long-term reliability in complex biological environments, multimodal data interpretation, establishment of personalized health baselines, data security, and regulatory validation. Future development will rely on closer collaboration among materials science, manufacturing engineering, artificial intelligence, and clinical research.
This review provides a comprehensive roadmap for wearable electronics and highlights the crucial role of advanced manufacturing and intelligent integration in advancing precision diagnosis. With continued progress in flexible materials, micro/nanofabrication, and artificial intelligence, wearable electronics are expected to become an essential bridge connecting personal health data with precision medical decision-making, ultimately transforming healthcare from disease treatment toward proactive health management.
Title: Wearable Electronics for Precision Diagnosis Through Advanced Manufacturing and Integration
Journal Name: Nano-Micro Letters
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-026-02311-8
URL: https://scholarcast.cast.org.cn/top-news/2105117337513078784
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Journal
Nano-Micro Letters
Article Title
Wearable Electronics for Precision Diagnosis Through Advanced Manufacturing and Integration
Figure 2. Electronics for wearable diagnostic systems.
Figure 3. lectrospun flexible electronics, dual‑gradient fibrous membrane, and core-shell structured textile.
Figure 4. Lithography for releasing flexible devices, liquid‑metal electrodes on fibrous substrates, and in‑fabric lithography.
Figure 5. Wearable diagnostic electronics for BP monitoring.
Credit
Nano-Micro Letters
Nano-Micro Letters
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